The 25-year-old Argentine World Cup winner, who has one goal in four games this season, was replaced for the second half of Atletico's 2-0 home win over Villarreal on Saturday.
Thiago Almada, Jose Maria Gimenez, Alex Baena and Johnny Cardoso (ankle sprain) were also not fit to travel as part of Diego Simeone's 22-man squad for the game at Anfield.