The seven-time world champion delighted his home crowd with the fastest lap in all three phases of Friday's qualifying session and finished with a best lap of one minute 28.376 seconds on a sunny afternoon at Silverstone.
Italian teenager Antonelli was 0.011 slower.
Red Bull's Max Verstappen qualified third with Ferrari's Charles Leclerc fourth and George Russell, Antonelli's teammate and closest rival, fifth. McLaren's world champion Lando Norris, last year's winner, starts sixth.