Fulham teenager Josh King has also been handed his first call-up ahead of Nations League games against Croatia and Spain.
Tuchel said in September that Palmer "misses too many opportunities" to impress at international level after he pulled out of England's previous squad due to injury.
The Chelsea star, who was not included for the World Cup, has been left out as Tuchel takes the opportunity to look at younger options with a place in the quarter-finals of the Nations League almost guaranteed.
Jobe Bellingham, 21, has been rewarded for a strong start to his second season at Borussia Dortmund, where Jude also played for three seasons before moving to Real Madrid.
King has impressed despite Fulham's struggles in the Premier League, while Liverpool's 18-year-old winger Rio Ngumoha is also included.
"Lee Carsley (the England under-21 coach) is talking highly about Jobe since weeks and months that he deserves, if there is a spot and if there is a possibility to join and to make an impression in the first team," Tuchel said in a video posted by England on their social media channels.
"He has had good matches now and he's on a good run of form with Dortmund so he deserves to be with us."
England are second in group A3 after four games, with three wins and a defeat, against Spain at Wembley.
The Three Lions host Croatia, whom they beat 7-0 last month, on Thursday before travelling to take on Spain with just one point needed to qualify for the knockout rounds in March.
Newly crowned Ballon d'Or winner Harry Kane is set to surpass Peter Shilton as England's most-capped men's player after drawing level with the former goalkeeper on 125 appearances against the Czech Republic.
England squad
Goalkeepers: Jordan Pickford (Everton), James Trafford (Leeds United), Dean Henderson (Crystal Palace)
Defenders: Ezri Konsa (Arsenal), Marc Guehi (Man City), Jarrad Branthwaite (Everton), Trent Alexander-Arnold (Real Madrid), Lewis Hall (Newcastle United), Jarrell Quansah (Bayer Leverkusen), Djed Spence (Inter Milan), Ben White (Arsenal)
Midfielders: Jude Bellingham (Real Madrid), Jobe Bellingham (Borussia Dortmund), Josh King (Fulham), James Garner (Everton), Elliot Anderson (Man City), Eberechi Eze (Arsenal), Myles Lewis-Skelly (Arsenal), Declan Rice (Arsenal)
Forwards: Harry Kane (Bayern Munich), Dominic Calvert-Lewin (Leeds United), Anthony Gordon (Barcelona), Rio Ngumoha (Liverpool), Morgan Rogers (Chelsea)